What is the Hay Bunau Varilla Treaty?
The Hay Bunau Varilla Treaty was a treaty signed in 1887 between Chile and Peru, which established a border between the two countries.
Background and Significance
The treaty was negotiated by American businessman Henry Clay Bunau Varilla, who sought to build the Bío-Bío Railroad through Peruvian territory. The US government was interested in establishing a railroad route across South America to connect its Central American colonies with its Pacific coast.
Chile and Peru were concerned about the potential disruption of their existing trade routes and the impact on their economies. They agreed to establish a border between the two countries, which would be demarcated by a commission established under the treaty.
Treaty Text
The treaty consisted of four articles: Article I dealt with the establishment of the border; Article II specified the boundaries; Article III provided for the allocation of territory between Chile and Peru; and Article IV established the procedure for demarcation.
Treaty Ratification
The treaty was ratified by both countries in 1887. The US Senate did not ratify it at that time, but later reconsidered its decision after Chile’s President Carlos Montlau refused to deposit the ratification instrument in the Peruvian treasury.
Chile and Peru signed a protocol of friendship and cooperation in 1895, which included provisions related to trade, communication, and navigation. The treaty remained in effect until it was replaced by the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Chile and Peru in 1938.
Treaty Legacy
The Hay Bunau Varilla Treaty played a significant role in shaping the history of South America. It demonstrated the US government’s willingness to negotiate treaties with other countries, even if it meant compromising on existing interests.
Today, the treaty is remembered as an example of diplomatic efforts to resolve border disputes peacefully and promote cooperation between nations.
Treaty Impact
The treaty had significant economic implications for both Chile and Peru. The Bío-Bío Railroad, which was built under the treaty, facilitated trade and commerce between the two countries.
However, the railroad also led to the displacement of indigenous communities and the exploitation of natural resources in the region.
Treaty Conclusion
The Hay Bunau Varilla Treaty was a significant achievement in international diplomacy. It demonstrated that treaties could be negotiated and signed between nations, even if they did not always result in mutually beneficial outcomes.
Conclusion
The Hay Bunau Varilla Treaty remains an important part of history, highlighting the complexities and challenges of border disputes in South America. It serves as a reminder that diplomacy is a necessary tool for resolving conflicts and promoting cooperation between nations.